a strategy for the presentational construction in which the referring phrase introducing the referent in the discourse is the only element in the construction. Example: in spoken English, the independent referring strategy is used, for example, in the Pear Stories narrative example and then a little boy, /about/ a bic a red bicycle, that was too big for him, he stopped, ..., a little boy is an independent referring phrase that is used to present a new referent in the discourse. (Section 10.4.3)