a system in which the causative construction and an applicative construction are identical. Example: Kinyarwanda Umugabo a-ra-andik-iiš-a umugabo ibárúwa 'The man is making the man write a letter' is a causative construction with the overt suffix -iiš on the verb, and Umugabo a-ra-andik-iiš-a ikárámu ibárúwa 'The man is writing a letter with a pen' is an applicative construction with the instrument role expressed as applicative object, with the same suffix -iiš on the verb. (Section 9.3)