an implicational hierarchy of events that have other events as participants (the complement events), which appears to govern a wide range of strategies for complement clause constructions, including balancing vs. deranking (Section 18.3.1), the grammaticalization of purpose - adverbial clauses into deranked complements (Section 18.3.2), the expression of the participants of the complement-taking predicate and complement events (Section 18.4.1), and the use of logophoric constructions (Section 18.4.2). The Binding Hierarchy is described in detail in Givón (1980) and Cristofaro (2003); the latter calls it the Complement Deranking – Argument Hierarchy. The version used here is a slightly revised version of Cristofaro's hierarchy: utterance, propositional attitude, knowledge < evaluative, perception < desiderative, manipulative < modal, phasal. (Section 18.3.1)