a strategy of the passive–inverse voice construction in which the P - participant is encoded by a form that is not found for either the A - participant or the P participant in the basic voice construction. Example: in Upriver Halkomelem tə́s-l-əm θúƛ'à tə swíyəqə 'She was bumped into by the man', the P participant (the woman referred to by 'she') is indexed by the suffix -əm, which is distinct from the expression of A or P participants in the basic voice construction. (Section 8.3)